As1.0 (Anopheles stephensi Phase 1 Data Release)

As1.0 (Anopheles stephensi Phase 1 Data Release)#

The As1.0: Anopheles stephensi data resource contains single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calls from whole-genome sequencing of 639 mosquitoes.

All of the samples were contributed and sequenced as part of the Controlling Emergent Anopheles stephensi in Sudan and Ethiopia (CEASE) project.

The focus of the project - Anopheles stephensi - is an invasive urban malaria mosquito currently expanding its range across sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of the CEASE project were to identify the invasion route of An stephensi, its current and potential future distribution, evaluate its contribution to malaria transmission, and evaluate multi-sectoral vector control strategies to combat its spread.

As part 1 of this project, partners from various countries across the native and invasive range of An. stephensi contributed mosquito samples to a genomic surveillance study, where we identified the invasion source (South Asia), route (into Djibouti, seeding separate invasion fronts in Sudan, Ethiopia-Kenya, and Yemen), and architecture of insecticide resistance (mainly metabolic). You can learn more about our findings in our preprint here. This will be published shortly.

The mosquito samples sequenced as part of the CEASE project form the basis of of the MalariaGEN Vector Observatory Anopheles stephensi Phase 1 Data Release, known as As1.0 for short. This will form the basis of future genomic surveillance work in this species. We hope that these data will prove a valuable source for the community for investigations into the biology, evolution and control of An. stephensi in the native and invasive range.

This page provides an introduction to open data resources released as part of As1.0.

If you have any questions about this guide or how to use the data, please start a new discussion on the malariagen/vector-open-data repo on GitHub. If you find any bugs, please raise an issue.

Citation and terms of use#

Data from As1.0 are released openly and can be downloaded and analysed for any purpose. If you use these data as part of a publication, please cite the following paper:

Citation

Tristan P. W. Dennis et al. ,The origin, history, and resistance architecture of an invasive urban malaria mosquito in Africa.Science393,eadx6925(2026).10.1126/science.adx6925

If you have any questions about the terms of use, please email support@malariagen.net.

Partner studies#

Wild-collected samples#

Laboratory colonies derived from wild-collected samples#

Enquiries about the samples and studies may be directed in the first instance to Tristan Dennis (tristan.dennis@lstmed.ac.uk), David Weetman (david.weetman@lstmed.ac.uk) or Martin Donnelly (martin.donnelly@lstmed.ac.uk).

Literature sample sets#

This release also includes data from one study openly available in the literature:

Whole-genome sequencing and variant calling#

All samples in As1.0 have been sequenced individually to high coverage using Illumina technology by a commercial provider. These sequence data have then been analysed to identify genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After variant calling, both the samples and the variants have been through a range of quality control analyses, to ensure the data are of high quality. Both the raw sequence data and the curated variant calls are openly available for download and analysis.

Data hosting#

As1 data are hosted by several different services.

Raw sequence reads in FASTQ format and sequence read alignments in BAM format are hosted by the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA). These can be accessed at on the ENA portal.

SNP calls in VCF and Zarr formats are hosted on S3-compatible object storage.

Sample metadata in CSV format are hosted on Google Cloud Storage (GCS) in the vo_aste_release_master_us_central1 bucket, which is a multi-region bucket located in the United States. All data hosted on GCS are publicly accessible but do require an authentication step, please see details on the Vector Observatory Data Access page.

The SNP data have also been uploaded to Google Cloud, and can be analysed directly within the cloud without having to download or copy any data, including via free interactive computing services such as Google Colab. Further information about analysing these data in the cloud is provided in the cloud data access guide.

More information on accessing and downloading these data are available under download and cloud.

Sample sets#

The samples included in As1.0 have been organised into 13 sample sets.

Each sample set corresponds to a set of mosquito specimens from a contributing study. Study details can be found in the partner studies webpages listed above.

sample_set sample_count
study_id
1363-VO-ET-GADISA 1363-VO-ET-GADISA-VMF00316 111
1364-VO-SD-KAFY 1364-VO-SD-KAFY-VMF00317 226
1365-VO-DJ-ADBI 1365-VO-DJ-ADBI-VMF00318 21
1366-VO-YE-ALLAN 1366-VO-YE-ALLAN-VMF00319 22
1367-VO-AF-DONNELLY 1367-VO-AF-DONNELLY-VMF00320 24
1368-VO-PK-DONNELLY 1368-VO-PK-DONNELLY-VMF00321 15
1369-VO-SA-AL-NAZAWI 1369-VO-SA-AL-NAZAWI-VMF00322 42
1370-VO-IR-ENAYATI 1370-VO-IR-ENAYATI-VMF00323 72
1385-VO-DJ-WEETMAN 1385-VO-DJ-WEETMAN-VMF00338 14
1386-VO-KE-OCHOMO 1386-VO-KE-OCHOMO-VMF00339 29
1458-VO-ET-YEWHALAW 1458-VO-ET-YEWHALAW-VMF00340 23
1459-VO-SD-AHMED 1459-VO-SD-AHMED-VMF00342 25
thakare-2022 thakare-2022 15

Here is a more detailed breakdown of the samples contained within this sample set, summarised by country, year of collection, and species. The warning is a result of the surveillance flags not being set. This will be implemented in future versions.
taxon stephensi
study_id sample_set country year
1363-VO-ET-GADISA 1363-VO-ET-GADISA-VMF00316 Ethiopia 2022 10
2023 74
2024 27
1364-VO-SD-KAFY 1364-VO-SD-KAFY-VMF00317 Sudan 2022 189
2023 37
1365-VO-DJ-ADBI 1365-VO-DJ-ADBI-VMF00318 Djibouti 2023 21
1366-VO-YE-ALLAN 1366-VO-YE-ALLAN-VMF00319 Yemen 2021 6
2023 16
1367-VO-AF-DONNELLY 1367-VO-AF-DONNELLY-VMF00320 Afghanistan 2017 24
1368-VO-PK-DONNELLY 1368-VO-PK-DONNELLY-VMF00321 Pakistan 2005 15
1369-VO-SA-AL-NAZAWI 1369-VO-SA-AL-NAZAWI-VMF00322 Saudi Arabia 2023 42
1370-VO-IR-ENAYATI 1370-VO-IR-ENAYATI-VMF00323 Iran 2023 72
1385-VO-DJ-WEETMAN 1385-VO-DJ-WEETMAN-VMF00338 Lab Cross 2025 14
1386-VO-KE-OCHOMO 1386-VO-KE-OCHOMO-VMF00339 Kenya 2022 1
2024 28
1458-VO-ET-YEWHALAW 1458-VO-ET-YEWHALAW-VMF00340 Ethiopia 2023 23
1459-VO-SD-AHMED 1459-VO-SD-AHMED-VMF00342 Sudan 2018 25
thakare-2022 thakare-2022 India 2021 15

Note that there can be multiple sampling sites represented within the same sample set.

Further reading#

We hope this page has provided a useful introduction to the As1.0 data resource. If you would like to start working with these data, please visit the cloud data access guide or the data download guide or continue browsing the other documentation on this site.